Websites in English

🔗 explainshell.com is a brilliant utility for anyone working with Linux or Unix shell environments. While basic commands like cd or ls are commonly understood, more advanced command-line expressions can quickly become cryptic. That’s where ExplainShell shines – helping you understand exactly what each part of a command does. The interface is refreshingly simple: paste in any shell command (e.g., tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz or find . -type f -exec grep -H 'pattern' {} \;) and the tool immediately dissects it. It maps each argument, flag, and operator to documentation snippets pulled from real man pages. You don’t just get a general explanation — you see which part of the command corresponds to which official description. ...

🔗 randoma11y.com is a surprisingly effective minimalist tool designed for web developers, interface designers, and accessibility advocates. Its main purpose is to generate random background/text color pairs that meet the WCAG 2.1 contrast ratio requirements, making them readable for people with visual impairments or low vision. Upon each refresh, the site presents a new color combination, displaying both HEX values, the exact contrast ratio (e.g. 9.41:1), and a ready-made CSS snippet. Visitors can vote on whether the combination is good or bad, slowly building a kind of crowdsourced archive of aesthetically pleasing and functionally accessible color sets. ...

🔗 sci-hub.se is one of the most impactful and controversial websites in the history of online science. Created in 2011 by Kazakh programmer Alexandra Elbakyan, it offers free access to millions of academic research papers that are otherwise locked behind expensive journal paywalls. Functionally, Sci-Hub is a minimalist tool: you paste in a DOI or article URL, and it returns the full PDF — instantly, without login, subscription, or ads. The site draws on both cached repositories and institutional access points to deliver content from publishers like Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and others. ...

Fourmilab is a sprawling digital lab maintained since the 1990s by John Walker, founder of Autodesk and co-author of AutoCAD. It’s one of the web’s oldest personal knowledge hubs — offering simulations, articles, tools, and books that cover astronomy, cryptography, probability, artificial intelligence, spaceflight, and philosophical speculation. Key areas include: – 🔭 real-time astronomical simulators like Your Sky, Earth & Moon Viewer, and orbital calculators – 🔐 tools for encryption, random number generation, and fictional world building – 📚 full e-books including The Hacker’s Diet and The Autodesk File – 🧠 essays on technological singularity, digital autonomy, transhumanism, and future shock ...

Gwern.net is a personal, long-running research site by Gwern Branwen, an independent writer and self-taught researcher. The website gathers a vast collection of long-form essays, scientific explorations, experiments, and data analyses — spanning cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, Bayesian inference, nootropics, digital preservation, literature generation, and more. Since 2010, Gwern has been publishing rigorously documented articles, often including full datasets, code (typically in Python or R), and interactive elements. The tone is scholarly but accessible, blending speculative ideas with solid methodology. Many entries are live documents, continuously updated as new research emerges. ...

Ncase.me is the personal website of independent creator Nicky Case, who crafts interactive simulations, explorable explanations, and narrative games designed to teach — and often challenge — how we think about the world. Through hand-drawn graphics and clever mechanics, each project turns abstract social or psychological ideas into intuitive, often emotional experiences. Among the most notable projects are: – 🔹 The Evolution of Trust – a powerful explainer on game theory and why trust breaks down; – 🔹 We Become What We Behold – a short but searing exploration of media-driven polarization; – 🔹 Coming Out Simulator – a raw and personal interactive narrative about identity and family; – 🔹 Parable of the Polygons – a collaboration with Vi Hart on structural discrimination, expressed through geometry. ...